We taken advantage of an existing databases, established from the our look category, on refreshments intake having 984 grownups

dos. Material and techniques

Data were collected using the WBQ tool from in the area of Athens, Greece from 473 individuals aged 16–86 (42 ± 18 years) (221 males) in summer and from 511 individuals aged 16–86 (38 ± 20 years) (245 males) in winter, stratified by age and sex according to the Hellenic Statistical Authority . All volunteers were informed on the objectives of the study and the procedures involved and signed an informed consent. The retrieved data were confidential, and the study followed the ethical considerations provided by The Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki). The WBQ incorporates a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire validated to record energy intake against three-day diaries (p < 0.001)>

Specifically, brand new WBQ brings: (A) studies for the character of one’s fellow member; (B) tape off consumption towards the time of the earlier day of solid and liquid dining, liquid or drinks away from a semi-decimal food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) out-of 58 edibles verified to have estimating times intake in addition to extra sugar and you may honey which is set in drinks; and (C) estimation of physical working out and their the brand new Internationally Physical activity Survey (IPAQ) , and that information duration of physical activity on about three interest accounts (serious, moderate, lighter get it done) otherwise inactive conditions. The fresh new IPAQ could have been confirmed in past times since a mix-national tool having recording physical exercise [20,21,22] and estimate times expenses.

The power and you may h2o articles out of filed food and you will drinks are assessed using the Diet plan Data Plus (Wadsworth Publishing Co Inc., Belmont, Ca, USA), and that uses constitution analysis on USDA Federal Mineral Database and you will chose Greek products (we.age., mousakas, pastitsio, Greek yoghurt, lentiles kidney beans soups, numerous Greek pies, souvlaki, stuffed tomatoes) . Centered on complete energy intake and energy expenditure, times harmony was analyzed too.

Contained in this investigation, “drinks” refers to good fresh fruit juice otherwise packaged fruit juice 100% instead sugar content, sugar-sweet drinks (SSDs) (good fresh fruit nectar with sugar, soft drinks having glucose and effort/isotonic drinks), low-calorie carbonated drinks, teas and you can organic infusions, dairy (all types of milk products, chocolates whole milk and you will cocoa drink), milkshake and you may sherbets, coffee-and java products, asian brides and liquor (beer, wines as well as kind of alcoholic beverages). “Take in time consumption (DEI)” relates to energy consumption from drinks “complete energy intake (TEI)” in order to time intake out of most of the sources and “time intake regarding meals” to energy intake out of good and you will liquid food (elizabeth.g., soups). The fresh contribution away from products organizations in order to total time consumption (analysis of Malisova mais aussi al. 2013), shown while the overall intake of water (TWI), we.age., drinking water out of products, liquids, strong and you will water foods so when take in water intake (DWI), we.age., liquid away from drinks and you will liquid.

3. Statistical Investigation

Answers are presented as the imply ± sd for the typically delivered parameters and average (P25–P75) towards the skewed ones. Normality is actually tested with the possibilities–possibilities plot (P–P area) and you can histograms. Differences between men regarding the complete time consumption, times from drinks, times off dinners, energy expenditure, time equilibrium, intake of water, h2o of liquids and you can products, liquids from drinks, water off h2o, water off products, water loss and you can water equilibrium was analyzed into the independent decide to try t-test on the generally speaking delivered variables and the Mann-Whittney You-test on skewed of those. Likewise, differences between the brand new five quartiles of time out of drinks was basically assessed for the one to-means ANOVA F-sample towards the typically delivered variables while the Kruskal-Wallis H Decide to try to the skewed ones. Benefit height is place at 5%. Correlations within sum out-of drinks so you’re able to drinking habits within the loved ones in order to time into the cold temperatures and you may june had been tested from the Pearson’s or Spearman’s correlation coefficients to have normally delivered or skewed variables. The statistical analyses performed using PASW Analytics 18 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA).